§ 430

§ 430. Minimum funding standards for single-employer defined benefit pension plans

(a)
Minimum required contribution

For purposes of this section and section
412
(a)(2)(A), except as provided in subsection (f), the term “minimum required contribution” means, with respect to any plan year of a defined benefit plan which is not a multiemployer planâ”

(1)
in any case in which the value of plan assets of the plan (as reduced under subsection (f)(4)(B)) is less than the funding target of the plan for the plan year, the sum ofâ”

(A)
the target normal cost of the plan for the plan year,

(B)
the shortfall amortization charge (if any) for the plan for the plan year determined under subsection (c), and

(2)
in any case in which the value of plan assets of the plan (as reduced under subsection (f)(4)(B)) equals or exceeds the funding target of the plan for the plan year, the target normal cost of the plan for the plan year reduced (but not below zero) by such excess.

(b)
Target normal cost

For purposes of this section, except as provided in subsection (i)(2) with respect to plans in at-risk status, the term “target normal cost” means, for any plan year, the present value of all benefits which are expected to accrue or to be earned under the plan during the plan year. For purposes of this subsection, if any benefit attributable to services performed in a preceding plan year is increased by reason of any increase in compensation during the current plan year, the increase in such benefit shall be treated as having accrued during the current plan year.

(1)
In general

For purposes of this section, the shortfall amortization charge for a plan for any plan year is the aggregate total (not less than zero) of the shortfall amortization installments for such plan year with respect to the shortfall amortization bases for such plan year and each of the 6 preceding plan years.

(2)
Shortfall amortization installment

For purposes of paragraph (1)â”

(A)
Determination

The shortfall amortization installments are the amounts necessary to amortize the shortfall amortization base of the plan for any plan year in level annual installments over the 7-plan-year period beginning with such plan year.

(B)
Shortfall installment

The shortfall amortization installment for any plan year in the 7-plan-year period under subparagraph (A) with respect to any shortfall amortization base is the annual installment determined under subparagraph (A) for that year for that base.

In determining any shortfall amortization installment under this paragraph, the plan sponsor shall use the segment rates determined under subparagraph (C) of subsection (h)(2), applied under rules similar to the rules of subparagraph (B) of subsection (h)(2).

(3)
Shortfall amortization base

For purposes of this section, the shortfall amortization base of a plan for a plan year isâ”

(A)
the funding shortfall of such plan for such plan year, minus

(B)
the present value (determined using the segment rates determined under subparagraph (C) of subsection (h)(2), applied under rules similar to the rules of subparagraph (B) of subsection (h)(2)) of the aggregate total of the shortfall amortization installments and waiver amortization installments which have been determined for such plan year and any succeeding plan year with respect to the shortfall amortization bases and waiver amortization bases of the plan for any plan year preceding such plan year.

(4)
Funding shortfall

For purposes of this section, the funding shortfall of a plan for any plan year is the excess (if any) ofâ”

(A)
the funding target of the plan for the plan year, over

(B)
the value of plan assets of the plan (as reduced under subsection (f)(4)(B)) for the plan year which are held by the plan on the valuation date.

(5)
Exemption from new shortfall amortization base

(A)
In general

In any case in which the value of plan assets of the plan (as reduced under subsection (f)(4)(A)) is equal to or greater than the funding target of the plan for the plan year, the shortfall amortization base of the plan for such plan year shall be zero.

(B)
Transition rule

(i)
In general

Except as provided in clauses (iii) and (iv), in the case of plan years beginning after 2007 and before 2011, only the applicable percentage of the funding target shall be taken into account under paragraph (3)(A) in determining the funding shortfall for the plan year for purposes of subparagraph (A).

(ii)
Applicable percentage

For purposes of subparagraph (A), the applicable percentage shall be determined in accordance with the following table:

   â‚In the case of a plan year

The applicable

   â‚ beginning in calendar year:

percentage is

â‚2008

92

â‚2009

94

â‚2010

96.

(iii)
Limitation

Clause (i) shall not apply with respect to any plan year after 2008 unless the shortfall amortization base for each of the preceding years beginning after 2007 was zero (determined after application of this subparagraph).

(iv)
Transition relief not available for new or deficit reduction plans

Clause (i) shall not apply to a planâ”

(I)
which was not in effect for a plan year beginning in 2007, or

(II)
which was in effect for a plan year beginning in 2007 and which was subject to section
412
(l) (as in effect for plan years beginning in 2007), determined after the application of paragraphs (6) and (9) thereof.

(6)
Early deemed amortization upon attainment of funding target

In any case in which the funding shortfall of a plan for a plan year is zero, for purposes of determining the shortfall amortization charge for such plan year and succeeding plan years, the shortfall amortization bases for all preceding plan years (and all shortfall amortization installments determined with respect to such bases) shall be reduced to zero.

(d)
Rules relating to funding target

For purposes of this sectionâ”

(1)
Funding target

Except as provided in subsection (i)(1) with respect to plans in at-risk status, the funding target of a plan for a plan year is the present value of all benefits accrued or earned under the plan as of the beginning of the plan year.

(2)
Funding target attainment percentage

The “funding target attainment percentage” of a plan for a plan year is the ratio (expressed as a percentage) whichâ”

(A)
the value of plan assets for the plan year (as reduced under subsection (f)(4)(B)), bears to

(B)
the funding target of the plan for the plan year (determined without regard to subsection (i)(1)).

(e)
Waiver amortization charge

(1)
Determination of waiver amortization charge

The waiver amortization charge (if any) for a plan for any plan year is the aggregate total of the waiver amortization installments for such plan year with respect to the waiver amortization bases for each of the 5 preceding plan years.

(2)
Waiver amortization installment

For purposes of paragraph (1)â”

(A)
Determination

The waiver amortization installments are the amounts necessary to amortize the waiver amortization base of the plan for any plan year in level annual installments over a period of 5 plan years beginning with the succeeding plan year.

(B)
Waiver installment

The waiver amortization installment for any plan year in the 5-year period under subparagraph (A) with respect to any waiver amortization base is the annual installment determined under subparagraph (A) for that year for that base.

(3)
Interest rate

In determining any waiver amortization installment under this subsection, the plan sponsor shall use the segment rates determined under subparagraph (C) of subsection (h)(2), applied under rules similar to the rules of subparagraph (B) of subsection (h)(2).

(4)
Waiver amortization base

The waiver amortization base of a plan for a plan year is the amount of the waived funding deficiency (if any) for such plan year under section
412
(c).

(5)
Early deemed amortization upon attainment of funding target

In any case in which the funding shortfall of a plan for a plan year is zero, for purposes of determining the waiver amortization charge for such plan year and succeeding plan years, the waiver amortization bases for all preceding plan years (and all waiver amortization installments determined with respect to such bases) shall be reduced to zero.

(f)
Reduction of minimum required contribution by prefunding balance and funding standard carryover balance

(1)
Election to maintain balances

(A)
Prefunding balance

The plan sponsor of a defined benefit plan which is not a multiemployer plan may elect to maintain a prefunding balance.

(B)
Funding standard carryover balance

(i)
In general

In the case of a defined benefit plan (other than a multiemployer plan) described in clause (ii), the plan sponsor may elect to maintain a funding standard carryover balance, until such balance is reduced to zero.

(ii)
Plans maintaining funding standard account in 2007

A plan is described in this clause if the planâ”

(I)
was in effect for a plan year beginning in 2007, and

(II)
had a positive balance in the funding standard account under section
412
(b) as in effect for such plan year and determined as of the end of such plan year.

(2)
Application of balances

A prefunding balance and a funding standard carryover balance maintained pursuant to this paragraphâ”

(A)
shall be available for crediting against the minimum required contribution, pursuant to an election under paragraph (3),

(B)
shall be applied as a reduction in the amount treated as the value of plan assets for purposes of this section, to the extent provided in paragraph (4), and

(3)
Election to apply balances against minimum required contribution

(A)
In general

Except as provided in subparagraphs (B) and (C), in the case of any plan year in which the plan sponsor elects to credit against the minimum required contribution for the current plan year all or a portion of the prefunding balance or the funding standard carryover balance for the current plan year (not in excess of such minimum required contribution), the minimum required contribution for the plan year shall be reduced as of the first day of the plan year by the amount so credited by the plan sponsor as of the first day of the plan year. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the minimum required contribution shall be determined after taking into account any waiver under section
412
(c).

(B)
Coordination with funding standard carryover balance

To the extent that any plan has a funding standard carryover balance greater than zero, no amount of the prefunding balance of such plan may be credited under this paragraph in reducing the minimum required contribution.

The preceding provisions of this paragraph shall not apply for any plan year if the ratio (expressed as a percentage) whichâ”

(i)
the value of plan assets for the preceding plan year (as reduced under paragraph (4)(C)), bears to

(ii)
the funding target of the plan for the preceding plan year (determined without regard to subsection (i)(1)),

is less than 80 percent. In the case of plan years beginning in 2008, the ratio under this subparagraph may be determined using such methods of estimation as the Secretary may prescribe.

(4)
Effect of balances on amounts treated as value of plan assets

In the case of any plan maintaining a prefunding balance or a funding standard carryover balance pursuant to this subsection, the amount treated as the value of plan assets shall be deemed to be such amount, reduced as provided in the following subparagraphs:

(A)
Applicability of shortfall amortization base

For purposes of subsection (c)(5), the value of plan assets is deemed to be such amount, reduced by the amount of the prefunding balance, but only if an election under paragraph (2) ^[1] applying any portion of the prefunding balance in reducing the minimum required contribution is in effect for the plan year.

(B)
Determination of excess assets, funding shortfall, and funding target attainment percentage

(i)
In general

For purposes of subsections (a), (c)(4)(B), and (d)(2)(A), the value of plan assets is deemed to be such amount, reduced by the amount of the prefunding balance and the funding standard carryover balance.

(ii)
Special rule for certain binding agreements with PBGC

For purposes of subsection (c)(4)(B), the value of plan assets shall not be deemed to be reduced for a plan year by the amount of the specified balance if, with respect to such balance, there is in effect for a plan year a binding written agreement with the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation which provides that such balance is not available to reduce the minimum required contribution for the plan year. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term “specified balance” means the prefunding balance or the funding standard carryover balance, as the case may be.

For purposes of paragraph (3)(C)(i) of this subsection, the value of plan assets is deemed to be such amount, reduced by the amount of the prefunding balance.

(5)
Election to reduce balance prior to determinations of value of plan assets and crediting against minimum required contribution

(A)
In general

The plan sponsor may elect to reduce by any amount the balance of the prefunding balance and the funding standard carryover balance for any plan year (but not below zero). Such reduction shall be effective prior to any determination of the value of plan assets for such plan year under this section and application of the balance in reducing the minimum required contribution for such plan for such plan year pursuant to an election under paragraph (2).

(B)
Coordination between prefunding balance and funding standard carryover balance

To the extent that any plan has a funding standard carryover balance greater than zero, no election may be made under subparagraph (A) with respect to the prefunding balance.

(6)
Prefunding balance

(A)
In general

A prefunding balance maintained by a plan shall consist of a beginning balance of zero, increased and decreased to the extent provided in subparagraphs (B) and (C), and adjusted further as provided in paragraph (8).

(B)
Increases

(i)
In general

As of the first day of each plan year beginning after 2008, the prefunding balance of a plan shall be increased by the amount elected by the plan sponsor for the plan year. Such amount shall not exceed the excess (if any) ofâ”

(I)
the aggregate total of employer contributions to the plan for the preceding plan year, overâ”

(II)
the minimum required contribution for such preceding plan year.

(ii)
Adjustments for interest

Any excess contributions under clause (i) shall be properly adjusted for interest accruing for the periods between the first day of the current plan year and the dates on which the excess contributions were made, determined by using the effective interest rate for the preceding plan year and by treating contributions as being first used to satisfy the minimum required contribution.

(iii)
Certain contributions necessary to avoid benefit limitations disregarded

The excess described in clause (i) with respect to any preceding plan year shall be reduced (but not below zero) by the amount of contributions an employer would be required to make under paragraph (1), (2), or (4) of section
206
(g) ^[2] to avoid a benefit limitation which would otherwise be imposed under such paragraph for the preceding plan year. Any contribution which may be taken into account in satisfying the requirements of more than 1 of such paragraphs shall be taken into account only once for purposes of this clause.

The prefunding balance of a plan shall be decreased (but not below zero) by the sum ofâ”

(i)
as of the first day of each plan year after 2008, the amount of such balance credited under paragraph (2) (if any) in reducing the minimum required contribution of the plan for the preceding plan year, and

(ii)
as of the time specified in paragraph (5)(A), any reduction in such balance elected under paragraph (5).

(7)
Funding standard carryover balance

(A)
In general

A funding standard carryover balance maintained by a plan shall consist of a beginning balance determined under subparagraph (B), decreased to the extent provided in subparagraph (C), and adjusted further as provided in paragraph (8).

(B)
Beginning balance

The beginning balance of the funding standard carryover balance shall be the positive balance described in paragraph (1)(B)(ii)(II).

The funding standard carryover balance of a plan shall be decreased (but not below zero) byâ”

(ii)
as of the time specified in paragraph (5)(A), any reduction in such balance elected under paragraph (5).

(8)
Adjustments for investment experience

In determining the prefunding balance or the funding standard carryover balance of a plan as of the first day of the plan year, the plan sponsor shall, in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, adjust such balance to reflect the rate of return on plan assets for the preceding plan year. Notwithstanding subsection (g)(3), such rate of return shall be determined on the basis of fair market value and shall properly take into account, in accordance with such regulations, all contributions, distributions, and other plan payments made during such period.

(9)
Elections

Elections under this subsection shall be made at such times, and in such form and manner, as shall be prescribed in regulations of the Secretary.

(g)
Valuation of plan assets and liabilities

(1)
Timing of determinations

Except as otherwise provided under this subsection, all determinations under this section for a plan year shall be made as of the valuation date of the plan for such plan year.

(2)
Valuation date

For purposes of this sectionâ”

(A)
In general

Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the valuation date of a plan for any plan year shall be the first day of the plan year.

(B)
Exception for small plans

If, on each day during the preceding plan year, a plan had 100 or fewer participants, the plan may designate any day during the plan year as its valuation date for such plan year and succeeding plan years. For purposes of this subparagraph, all defined benefit plans (other than multiemployer plans) maintained by the same employer (or any member of such employerâ™s controlled group) shall be treated as 1 plan, but only participants with respect to such employer or member shall be taken into account.

For purposes of this paragraphâ”

(i)
Plans not in existence in preceding year

In the case of the first plan year of any plan, subparagraph (B) shall apply to such plan by taking into account the number of participants that the plan is reasonably expected to have on days during such first plan year.

(ii)
Predecessors

Any reference in subparagraph (B) to an employer shall include a reference to any predecessor of such employer.

(3)
Determination of value of plan assets

For purposes of this sectionâ”

(A)
In general

Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the value of plan assets shall be the fair market value of the assets.

(B)
Averaging allowed

A plan may determine the value of plan assets on the basis of the averaging of fair market values, but only if such methodâ”

(i)
is permitted under regulations prescribed by the Secretary,

(ii)
does not provide for averaging of such values over more than the period beginning on the last day of the 25th month preceding the month in which the valuation date occurs and ending on the valuation date (or a similar period in the case of a valuation date which is not the 1st day of a month), and

(iii)
does not result in a determination of the value of plan assets which, at any time, is lower than 90 percent or greater than 110 percent of the fair market value of such assets at such time.

Any such averaging shall be adjusted for contributions and distributions (as provided by the Secretary).

(4)
Accounting for contribution receipts

For purposes of determining the value of assets under paragraph (3)â”

(A)
Prior year contributions

Ifâ”

(i)
an employer makes any contribution to the plan after the valuation date for the plan year in which the contribution is made, and

(ii)
the contribution is for a preceding plan year,

the contribution shall be taken into account as an asset of the plan as of the valuation date, except that in the case of any plan year beginning after 2008, only the present value (determined as of the valuation date) of such contribution may be taken into account. For purposes of the preceding sentence, present value shall be determined using the effective interest rate for the preceding plan year to which the contribution is properly allocable.

(B)
Special rule for current year contributions made before valuation date

If any contributions for any plan year are made to or under the plan during the plan year but before the valuation date for the plan year, the assets of the plan as of the valuation date shall not includeâ”

(i)
such contributions, and

(ii)
interest on such contributions for the period between the date of the contributions and the valuation date, determined by using the effective interest rate for the plan year.

(h)
Actuarial assumptions and methods

(1)
In general

Subject to this subsection, the determination of any present value or other computation under this section shall be made on the basis of actuarial assumptions and methodsâ”

(A)
each of which is reasonable (taking into account the experience of the plan and reasonable expectations), and

(B)
which, in combination, offer the actuaryâ™s best estimate of anticipated experience under the plan.

(2)
Interest rates

(A)
Effective interest rate

For purposes of this section, the term “effective interest rate” means, with respect to any plan for any plan year, the single rate of interest which, if used to determine the present value of the planâ™s accrued or earned benefits referred to in subsection (d)(1), would result in an amount equal to the funding target of the plan for such plan year.

(B)
Interest rates for determining funding target

For purposes of determining the funding target of a plan for any plan year, the interest rate used in determining the present value of the liabilities of the plan shall beâ”

(i)
in the case of benefits reasonably determined to be payable during the 5-year period beginning on the first day of the plan year, the first segment rate with respect to the applicable month,

(ii)
in the case of benefits reasonably determined to be payable during the 15-year period beginning at the end of the period described in clause (i), the second segment rate with respect to the applicable month, and

(iii)
in the case of benefits reasonably determined to be payable after the period described in clause (ii), the third segment rate with respect to the applicable month.

For purposes of this paragraphâ”

(i)
First segment rate

The term “first segment rate” means, with respect to any month, the single rate of interest which shall be determined by the Secretary for such month on the basis of the corporate bond yield curve for such month, taking into account only that portion of such yield curve which is based on bonds maturing during the 5-year period commencing with such month.

(ii)
Second segment rate

The term “second segment rate” means, with respect to any month, the single rate of interest which shall be determined by the Secretary for such month on the basis of the corporate bond yield curve for such month, taking into account only that portion of such yield curve which is based on bonds maturing during the 15-year period beginning at the end of the period described in clause (i).

(iii)
Third segment rate

The term “third segment rate” means, with respect to any month, the single rate of interest which shall be determined by the Secretary for such month on the basis of the corporate bond yield curve for such month, taking into account only that portion of such yield curve which is based on bonds maturing during periods beginning after the period described in clause (ii).

(D)
Corporate bond yield curve

For purposes of this paragraphâ”

(i)
In general

The term “corporate bond yield curve” means, with respect to any month, a yield curve which is prescribed by the Secretary for such month and which reflects the average, for the 24-month period ending with the month preceding such month, of monthly yields on investment grade corporate bonds with varying maturities and that are in the top 3 quality levels available.

(ii)
Election to use yield curve

Solely for purposes of determining the minimum required contribution under this section, the plan sponsor may, in lieu of the segment rates determined under subparagraph (C), elect to use interest rates under the corporate bond yield curve. For purposes of the preceding sentence such curve shall be determined without regard to the 24-month averaging described in clause (i). Such election, once made, may be revoked only with the consent of the Secretary.

(E)
Applicable month

For purposes of this paragraph, the term “applicable month” means, with respect to any plan for any plan year, the month which includes the valuation date of such plan for such plan year or, at the election of the plan sponsor, any of the 4 months which precede such month. Any election made under this subparagraph shall apply to the plan year for which the election is made and all succeeding plan years, unless the election is revoked with the consent of the Secretary.

(F)
Publication requirements

The Secretary shall publish for each month the corporate bond yield curve (and the corporate bond yield curve reflecting the modification described in section
417
(e)(3)(D)(i)) for such month and each of the rates determined under subparagraph (B) for such month. The Secretary shall also publish a description of the methodology used to determine such yield curve and such rates which is sufficiently detailed to enable plans to make reasonable projections regarding the yield curve and such rates for future months based on the planâ™s projection of future interest rates.

(G)
Transition rule

(i)
In general

Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this paragraph, for plan years beginning in 2008 or 2009, the first, second, or third segment rate for a plan with respect to any month shall be equal to the sum ofâ”

(I)
the product of such rate for such month determined without regard to this subparagraph, multiplied by the applicable percentage, and

(II)
the product of the rate determined under the rules of section
412
(b)(5)(B)(ii)(II) (as in effect for plan years beginning in 2007), multiplied by a percentage equal to 100 percent minus the applicable percentage.

(ii)
Applicable percentage

For purposes of clause (i), the applicable percentage is 331/3 percent for plan years beginning in 2008 and 662/3 percent for plan years beginning in 2009.

(iii)
New plans ineligible

Clause (i) shall not apply to any plan if the first plan year of the plan begins after December 31, 2007.

(iv)
Election

The plan sponsor may elect not to have this subparagraph apply. Such election, once made, may be revoked only with the consent of the Secretary.

(3)
Mortality tables

(A)
In general

Except as provided in subparagraph (C) or (D), the Secretary shall by regulation prescribe mortality tables to be used in determining any present value or making any computation under this section. Such tables shall be based on the actual experience of pension plans and projected trends in such experience. In prescribing such tables, the Secretary shall take into account results of available independent studies of mortality of individuals covered by pension plans.

(B)
Periodic revision

The Secretary shall (at least every 10 years) make revisions in any table in effect under subparagraph (A) to reflect the actual experience of pension plans and projected trends in such experience.

(i)
In general

Upon request by the plan sponsor and approval by the Secretary, a mortality table which meets the requirements of clause (iii) shall be used in determining any present value or making any computation under this section during the period of consecutive plan years (not to exceed 10) specified in the request.

(ii)
Early termination of period

Notwithstanding clause (i), a mortality table described in clause (i) shall cease to be in effect as of the earliest ofâ”

(I)
the date on which there is a significant change in the participants in the plan by reason of a plan spinoff or merger or otherwise, or

(II)
the date on which the plan actuary determines that such table does not meet the requirements of clause (iii).

(iii)
Requirements

A mortality table meets the requirements of this clause ifâ”

(I)
there is a sufficient number of plan participants, and the pension plans have been maintained for a sufficient period of time, to have credible information necessary for purposes of subclause (II), and

(II)
such table reflects the actual experience of the pension plans maintained by the sponsor and projected trends in general mortality experience.

(iv)
All plans in controlled group must use separate table

Except as provided by the Secretary, a plan sponsor may not use a mortality table under this subparagraph for any plan maintained by the plan sponsor unlessâ”

(I)
a separate mortality table is established and used under this subparagraph for each other plan maintained by the plan sponsor and if the plan sponsor is a member of a controlled group, each member of the controlled group, and

(II)
the requirements of clause (iii) are met separately with respect to the table so established for each such plan, determined by only taking into account the participants of such plan, the time such plan has been in existence, and the actual experience of such plan.

(v)
Deadline for submission and disposition of application

(I)
Submission

The plan sponsor shall submit a mortality table to the Secretary for approval under this subparagraph at least 7 months before the 1st day of the period described in clause (i).

(II)
Disposition

Any mortality table submitted to the Secretary for approval under this subparagraph shall be treated as in effect as of the 1st day of the period described in clause (i) unless the Secretary, during the 180-day period beginning on the date of such submission, disapproves of such table and provides the reasons that such table fails to meet the requirements of clause (iii). The 180-day period shall be extended upon mutual agreement of the Secretary and the plan sponsor.

(D)
Separate mortality tables for the disabled

Notwithstanding subparagraph (A)â”

(i)
In general

The Secretary shall establish mortality tables which may be used (in lieu of the tables under subparagraph (A)) under this subsection for individuals who are entitled to benefits under the plan on account of disability. The Secretary shall establish separate tables for individuals whose disabilities occur in plan years beginning before January 1, 1995, and for individuals whose disabilities occur in plan years beginning on or after such date.

(ii)
Special rule for disabilities occurring after 1994

In the case of disabilities occurring in plan years beginning after December 31, 1994, the tables under clause (i) shall apply only with respect to individuals described in such subclause who are disabled within the meaning of title II of the Social Security Act and the regulations thereunder.

(iii)
Periodic revision

The Secretary shall (at least every 10 years) make revisions in any table in effect under clause (i) to reflect the actual experience of pension plans and projected trends in such experience.

(4)
Probability of benefit payments in the form of lump sums or other optional forms

For purposes of determining any present value or making any computation under this section, there shall be taken into accountâ”

(A)
the probability that future benefit payments under the plan will be made in the form of optional forms of benefits provided under the plan (including lump sum distributions, determined on the basis of the planâ™s experience and other related assumptions), and

(B)
any difference in the present value of such future benefit payments resulting from the use of actuarial assumptions, in determining benefit payments in any such optional form of benefits, which are different from those specified in this subsection.

(5)
Approval of large changes in actuarial assumptions

(A)
In general

No actuarial assumption used to determine the funding target for a plan to which this paragraph applies may be changed without the approval of the Secretary.

(B)
Plans to which paragraph applies

This paragraph shall apply to a plan only ifâ”

(i)
the plan is a defined benefit plan (other than a multiemployer plan) to which title IV of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 applies,

(ii)
the aggregate unfunded vested benefits as of the close of the preceding plan year (as determined under section 4006(a)(3)(E)(iii) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974) of such plan and all other plans maintained by the contributing sponsors (as defined in section 4001(a)(13) of such Act) and members of such sponsorsâ™ controlled groups (as defined in section 4001(a)(14) of such Act) which are covered by title IV (disregarding plans with no unfunded vested benefits) exceed $50,000,000, and

(iii)
the change in assumptions (determined after taking into account any changes in interest rate and mortality table) results in a decrease in the funding shortfall of the plan for the current plan year that exceeds $50,000,000, or that exceeds $5,000,000 and that is 5 percent or more of the funding target of the plan before such change.

(i)
Special rules for at-risk plans

(1)
Funding target for plans in at-risk status

(A)
In general

In the case of a plan which is in at-risk status for a plan year, the funding target of the plan for the plan year shall be equal to the sum ofâ”

(i)
the present value of all benefits accrued or earned under the plan as of the beginning of the plan year, as determined by using the additional actuarial assumptions described in subparagraph (B), and

(ii)
in the case of a plan which also has been in at-risk status for at least 2 of the 4 preceding plan years, a loading factor determined under subparagraph (C).

(B)
Additional actuarial assumptions

The actuarial assumptions described in this subparagraph are as follows:

(i)
All employees who are not otherwise assumed to retire as of the valuation date but who will be eligible to elect benefits during the plan year and the 10 succeeding plan years shall be assumed to retire at the earliest retirement date under the plan but not before the end of the plan year for which the at-risk funding target and at-risk target normal cost are being determined.

(ii)
All employees shall be assumed to elect the retirement benefit available under the plan at the assumed retirement age (determined after application of clause (i)) which would result in the highest present value of benefits.

The loading factor applied with respect to a plan under this paragraph for any plan year is the sum ofâ”

(i)
$700, times the number of participants in the plan, plus

(ii)
4 percent of the funding target (determined without regard to this paragraph) of the plan for the plan year.

(2)
Target normal cost of at-risk plans

In the case of a plan which is in at-risk status for a plan year, the target normal cost of the plan for such plan year shall be equal to the sum ofâ”

(A)
the present value of all benefits which are expected to accrue or be earned under the plan during the plan year, determined using the additional actuarial assumptions described in paragraph (1)(B), plus

(B)
in the case of a plan which also has been in at-risk status for at least 2 of the 4 preceding plan years, a loading factor equal to 4 percent of the target normal cost (determined without regard to this paragraph) of the plan for the plan year.

(3)
Minimum amount

In no event shallâ”

(A)
the at-risk funding target be less than the funding target, as determined without regard to this subsection, or

(B)
the at-risk target normal cost be less than the target normal cost, as determined without regard to this subsection.

(4)
Determination of at-risk status

For purposes of this subsectionâ”

(A)
In general

A plan is in at-risk status for a plan year ifâ”

(i)
the funding target attainment percentage for the preceding plan year (determined under this section without regard to this subsection) is less than 80 percent, and

(ii)
the funding target attainment percentage for the preceding plan year (determined under this section by using the additional actuarial assumptions described in paragraph (1)(B) in computing the funding target) is less than 70 percent.

(B)
Transition rule

In the case of plan years beginning in 2008, 2009, and 2010, subparagraph (A)(i) shall be applied by substituting the following percentages for “80 percent”:

(i)
65 percent in the case of 2008.

(ii)
70 percent in the case of 2009.

(iii)
75 percent in the case of 2010.

In the case of plan years beginning in 2008, the funding target attainment percentage for the preceding plan year under subparagraph (A)(ii) may be determined using such methods of estimation as the Secretary may provide.

(i)
In general

For purposes of subparagraph (A)(ii), the additional actuarial assumptions described in paragraph (1)(B) shall not be taken into account with respect to any employee ifâ”

(I)
such employee is employed by a specified automobile manufacturer,

(II)
such employee is offered a substantial amount of additional cash compensation, substantially enhanced retirement benefits under the plan, or materially reduced employment duties on the condition that by a specified date (not later than December 31, 2010) the employee retires (as defined under the terms of the plan),

(III)
such offer is made during 2006 and pursuant to a bona fide retirement incentive program and requires, by the terms of the offer, that such offer can be accepted not later than a specified date (not later than December 31, 2006), and

(IV)
such employee does not elect to accept such offer before the specified date on which the offer expires.

(ii)
Specified automobile manufacturer

For purposes of clause (i), the term “specified automobile manufacturer” meansâ”

(I)
any manufacturer of automobiles, and

(II)
any manufacturer of automobile parts which supplies such parts directly to a manufacturer of automobiles and which, after a transaction or series of transactions ending in 1999, ceased to be a member of a controlled group which included such manufacturer of automobiles.

(5)
Transition between applicable funding targets and between applicable target normal costs

(A)
In general

In any case in which a plan which is in at-risk status for a plan year has been in such status for a consecutive period of fewer than 5 plan years, the applicable amount of the funding target and of the target normal cost shall be, in lieu of the amount determined without regard to this paragraph, the sum ofâ”

(i)
the amount determined under this section without regard to this subsection, plus

(ii)
the transition percentage for such plan year of the excess of the amount determined under this subsection (without regard to this paragraph) over the amount determined under this section without regard to this subsection.

(B)
Transition percentage

For purposes of subparagraph (A), the transition percentage shall be determined in accordance with the following table:

  If the consecutive number of

   The transi-

   years (including the plan year)

tion percent-

   the plan is in at-risk status isâ”

age isâ”

â‚1

20

â‚2

40

â‚3

60

â‚4

80.

For purposes of this paragraph, plan years beginning before 2008 shall not be taken into account.

(6)
Small plan exception

If, on each day during the preceding plan year, a plan had 500 or fewer participants, the plan shall not be treated as in at-risk status for the plan year. For purposes of this paragraph, all defined benefit plans (other than multiemployer plans) maintained by the same employer (or any member of such employerâ™s controlled group) shall be treated as 1 plan, but only participants with respect to such employer or member shall be taken into account and the rules of subsection (g)(2)(C) shall apply.

(j)
Payment of minimum required contributions

(1)
In general

For purposes of this section, the due date for any payment of any minimum required contribution for any plan year shall be 81/2 months after the close of the plan year.

(2)
Interest

Any payment required under paragraph (1) for a plan year that is made on a date other than the valuation date for such plan year shall be adjusted for interest accruing for the period between the valuation date and the payment date, at the effective rate of interest for the plan for such plan year.

(3)
Accelerated quarterly contribution schedule for underfunded plans

(A)
Failure to timely make required installment

In any case in which the plan has a funding shortfall for the preceding plan year, the employer maintaining the plan shall make the required installments under this paragraph and if the employer fails to pay the full amount of a required installment for the plan year, then the amount of interest charged under paragraph (2) on the underpayment for the period of underpayment shall be determined by using a rate of interest equal to the rate otherwise used under paragraph (2) plus 5 percentage points.

(B)
Amount of underpayment, period of underpayment

For purposes of subparagraph (A)â”

(i)
Amount

The amount of the underpayment shall be the excess ofâ”

(I)
the required installment, over

(II)
the amount (if any) of the installment contributed to or under the plan on or before the due date for the installment.

(ii)
Period of underpayment

The period for which any interest is charged under this paragraph with respect to any portion of the underpayment shall run from the due date for the installment to the date on which such portion is contributed to or under the plan.

(iii)
Order of crediting contributions

For purposes of clause (i)(II), contributions shall be credited against unpaid required installments in the order in which such installments are required to be paid.

For purposes of this paragraphâ”

(i)
Payable in 4 installments

There shall be 4 required installments for each plan year.

(ii)
Time for payment of installments

The due dates for required installments are set forth in the following table:


	In the case of the following required installment:	The due date is:
	1st	April 15
	2nd	July 15
	3rd	October 15
	4th	January 15 of the following year.

(D)
Amount of required installment

For purposes of this paragraphâ”

(i)
In general

The amount of any required installment shall be 25 percent of the required annual payment.

(ii)
Required annual payment

For purposes of clause (i), the term “required annual payment” means the lesser ofâ”

(I)
90 percent of the minimum required contribution (determined without regard to this subsection) to the plan for the plan year under this section, or

(II)
100 percent of the minimum required contribution (determined without regard to this subsection or to any waiver under section
302
(c)) to the plan for the preceding plan year.

Subclause (II) shall not apply if the preceding plan year referred to in such clause was not a year of 12 months.

(E)
Fiscal years and short years

(i)
Fiscal years

In applying this paragraph to a plan year beginning on any date other than January 1, there shall be substituted for the months specified in this paragraph, the months which correspond thereto.

(ii)
Short plan year

This subparagraph shall be applied to plan years of less than 12 months in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary.

(4)
Liquidity requirement in connection with quarterly contributions

(A)
In general

A plan to which this paragraph applies shall be treated as failing to pay the full amount of any required installment under paragraph (3) to the extent that the value of the liquid assets paid in such installment is less than the liquidity shortfall (whether or not such liquidity shortfall exceeds the amount of such installment required to be paid but for this paragraph).

(B)
Plans to which paragraph applies

This paragraph shall apply to a plan (other than a plan described in subsection (g)(2)(B)) whichâ”

(i)
is required to pay installments under paragraph (3) for a plan year, and

(ii)
has a liquidity shortfall for any quarter during such plan year.

For purposes of paragraph (3)(A), any portion of an installment that is treated as not paid under subparagraph (A) shall continue to be treated as unpaid until the close of the quarter in which the due date for such installment occurs.

(D)
Limitation on increase

If the amount of any required installment is increased by reason of subparagraph (A), in no event shall such increase exceed the amount which, when added to prior installments for the plan year, is necessary to increase the funding target attainment percentage of the plan for the plan year (taking into account the expected increase in funding target due to benefits accruing or earned during the plan year) to 100 percent.

(E)
Definitions

For purposes of this paragraphâ”

(i)
Liquidity shortfall

The term “liquidity shortfall” means, with respect to any required installment, an amount equal to the excess (as of the last day of the quarter for which such installment is made) ofâ”

(I)
the base amount with respect to such quarter, over

(II)
the value (as of such last day) of the planâ™s liquid assets.

(ii)
Base amount

(I)
In general

The term “base amount” means, with respect to any quarter, an amount equal to 3 times the sum of the adjusted disbursements from the plan for the 12 months ending on the last day of such quarter.

(II)
Special rule

If the amount determined under subclause (I) exceeds an amount equal to 2 times the sum of the adjusted disbursements from the plan for the 36 months ending on the last day of the quarter and an enrolled actuary certifies to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such excess is the result of nonrecurring circumstances, the base amount with respect to such quarter shall be determined without regard to amounts related to those nonrecurring circumstances.

(iii)
Disbursements from the plan

The term “disbursements from the plan” means all disbursements from the trust, including purchases of annuities, payments of single sums and other benefits, and administrative expenses.

(iv)
Adjusted disbursements

The term “adjusted disbursements” means disbursements from the plan reduced by the product ofâ”

(I)
the planâ™s funding target attainment percentage for the plan year, and

(II)
the sum of the purchases of annuities, payments of single sums, and such other disbursements as the Secretary shall provide in regulations.

(v)
Liquid assets

The term “liquid assets” means cash, marketable securities, and such other assets as specified by the Secretary in regulations.

(vi)
Quarter

The term “quarter” means, with respect to any required installment, the 3-month period preceding the month in which the due date for such installment occurs.

(F)
Regulations

The Secretary may prescribe such regulations as are necessary to carry out this paragraph.

(k)
Imposition of lien where failure to make required contributions

(1)
In general

In the case of a plan to which this subsection applies, ifâ”

(A)
any person fails to make a contribution payment required by section
412 and this section before the due date for such payment, and

(B)
the unpaid balance of such payment (including interest), when added to the aggregate unpaid balance of all preceding such payments for which payment was not made before the due date (including interest), exceeds $1,000,000,

then there shall be a lien in favor of the plan in the amount determined under paragraph (3) upon all property and rights to property, whether real or personal, belonging to such person and any other person who is a member of the same controlled group of which such person is a member.

(2)
Plans to which subsection applies

This subsection shall apply to a defined benefit plan (other than a multiemployer plan) covered under section 4021 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 for any plan year for which the funding target attainment percentage (as defined in subsection (d)(2)) of such plan is less than 100 percent.

(3)
Amount of lien

For purposes of paragraph (1), the amount of the lien shall be equal to the aggregate unpaid balance of contribution payments required under this section and section
412 for which payment has not been made before the due date.

(4)
Notice of failure; lien

(A)
Notice of failure

A person committing a failure described in paragraph (1) shall notify the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation of such failure within 10 days of the due date for the required contribution payment.

(B)
Period of lien

The lien imposed by paragraph (1) shall arise on the due date for the required contribution payment and shall continue until the last day of the first plan year in which the plan ceases to be described in paragraph (1)(B). Such lien shall continue to run without regard to whether such plan continues to be described in paragraph (2) during the period referred to in the preceding sentence.

Any amount with respect to which a lien is imposed under paragraph (1) shall be treated as taxes due and owing the United States and rules similar to the rules of subsections (c), (d), and (e) of section
4068 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 shall apply with respect to a lien imposed by subsection (a) and the amount with respect to such lien.

(5)
Enforcement

Any lien created under paragraph (1) may be perfected and enforced only by the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation, or at the direction of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation, by the contributing sponsor (or any member of the controlled group of the contributing sponsor).

(6)
Definitions

For purposes of this subsectionâ”

(A)
Contribution payment

The term “contribution payment” means, in connection with a plan, a contribution payment required to be made to the plan, including any required installment under paragraphs (3) and (4) of subsection (j).

(B)
Due date; required installment

The terms “due date” and “required installment” have the meanings given such terms by subsection (j), except that in the case of a payment other than a required installment, the due date shall be the date such payment is required to be made under section
430.

The term “controlled group” means any group treated as a single employer under subsections (b), (c), (m), and (o) of section
414.

(l)
Qualified transfers to health benefit accounts

In the case of a qualified transfer (as defined in section
420), any assets so transferred shall not, for purposes of this section, be treated as assets in the plan.

[1] So in original. Probably should be “paragraph (3)”.

[2] So in original. This title does not contain a section
206.

§ 430. Minimum funding standards for single-employer defined benefit pension plans

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